A modified squeeze-out mechanism for generating high surface pressures with pulmonary surfactant.

The exact mechanism by which pulmonary surfactant films reach the very low surface tensions required to stabilize the alveoli at end expiration remains uncertain. We utilized the nanoscale sensitivity of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine phospholipid (PL) phase transition and multilayer formation for two Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) systems: a simple 3 PL surfactant-like mixture and the more complex bovine lipid extract surfactant (BLES). AFM height images demonstrated that both systems develop two types of liquid condensed (LC) domains (micro- and nano-sized) within a liquid expanded phase (LE). The 3 PL mixture failed to form significant multilayers at high surface pressure (π while BLES forms an extensive network of multilayer structures containing up to three bilayers. A close examination of the progression of multilayer formation reveals that multilayers start to form at the edge of the solid-like LC domains and also in the fluid-like LE phase. We used the elemental analysis capability of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to show that multilayer structures are enriched in unsaturated PLs while the saturated PLs are concentrated in the remaining interfacial monolayer. This supports a modified squeeze-out model where film compression results in the hydrophobic surfactant protein-dependent formation of unsaturated PL-rich multilayers which remain functionally associated with a monolayer enriched in disaturated PL species. This allows the surface film to attain low surface tensions during compression and maintain values near equilibrium during expansion.